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Strike the Balance In diet 2

THE PROTEINS
Proteins are molecules made of amino acids. They are coded for by our genes and form the basis of living tissues. They also play a central role in biological processes. For example, proteins catalyse reactions in our bodies, transport molecules such as oxygen, keep us healthy as part of the immune system and transmit messages from cell to cell.

Protein synthesis

A gene is a segment of a DNA  molecule that contains the instructions needed to make a unique protein. All of our cells contain the same DNA molecules, but each cell uses a different combination of genes to build the particular proteins it needs to perform its specialised functions.

Protein synthesis has 2 main stages. The 1st stage is known as transcription, where a messenger molecule (mRNA) is formed. This molecule is transcribed from the DNA molecule and carries a copy of the information needed to make a protein. In the 2nd stage, the mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm where the cell’s ribosomes read the information and start to assemble a protein in a process called translation.

During translation, the ribosomes read the mRNA sequence of bases 3 at a time. These 3-letter combinations (called codons) each code a particular amino acid. For example, the base sequence TTT codes for the amino acid lysine.

There are 4 bases (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine) and therefore 64 (43) possible codons specified using some combination of 3 bases. However, only 20 amino acids are required to build all of the proteins in our bodies (some amino acids are specified by more than 1 codon). It is the particular sequence of amino acids that determines the shape and function of the protein.

Protein synthesis, like many other biological processes, can be affected by environmental factors. These include maternal nutrition, temperature, stress, oxygen levels and exposure to chemicals.

Part of your DNA – your genetic inheritance!  Proteins combine with nucleic acids to form nucleoproteins, in the nucleus of every cell in your body;
Enzymes – These are the proteins which make everything happen, e.g. to break down food for absorption; to regulate the entry of nutrients through cell walls, and the removal of waste-products; to grow, develop, move, reproduce.  (Many enzymes also need specific vitamins and minerals to function);
Haemoglobin – the protein which, with iron, carries oxygen around your body;
Myoglobin and elastin – These are the two main proteins in muscle fibres;
Bones are mainly proteins, with calcium, magnesium and phosphate;
Hormones which send chemical messages between nerve cells and to regulate metabolism;
Antibodies which circulate in your blood to protect you against viruses; and
Keratin which forms your hair and nails
Literally every function of your cells, organs and whole body is controlled by proteins.  They are all made within the body from smaller molecules which ultimately have come from foods.None of the body proteins arrives ready made.

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